Intravenous (IV) connectors connect various components of IV systems used to deliver fluids or medication to patients. The components can include catheters, tubing, syringes and IV bags. The connectors are standardised to ensure that all links between the various components are secure.
There are several types of IV connectors available, each designed to serve a specific purpose, but all are designed for safety. This article will discuss 3 categories of peripheral IV connectors, focusing on more specialised, high-flow, multi-delivery extension sets as opposed to central venous connectors.
Generally, small IV connectors are only used to connect 2 devices. They tend not to include tubing, which means they are straightforward, simple devices. There are a few notal examples of small IV connectors.
These connectors use the standardised Luer fitting to connect a needle or catheter to plastic tubing.
In Luer lock IV connectors, the needle or catheter serves as the female fitting, with tabs or threads that make it possible to be screwed onto the male part of the connector. You can also get male-to-male and female-to-female Luer IV connectors.
Luer lock connectors are divided into two types, either a one-piece or a two-piece, also known as a rotating Luer lock. The one-piece version comes as a single mould, and locking is achieved by rotating the entire Luer connector or system. In a two-piece Luer lock, a free rotating collar with threads is assembled to the Luer and the collar is rotated.
The additional twist-lock mechanism holds the connection together for a secure leak-proof connection that cannot be easily taken apart.
Luer slip connectors follow a similar premise but simply slip together to form a seal.
Needleless IV connectors, also known as needle-free connectors or positive pressure connectors provide a safe and efficient way to connect and disconnect IV lines without the use of needles to prevent needlestick injuries.
Vented IV connectors have a built-in vent or air channel that allows air to flow into the IV system. The vent is there to equalise pressure within the system, preventing the collapse of IV bags or containers during infusion.
In contrast, non-vented IV connectors are designed as closed systems, without any air channels or vents. These connectors do not allow air to flow into the IV system.
Non-vented connectors are commonly used in situations where a closed system is necessary to preserve the sterility of the IV fluids or medications being administered.
These types of IV connectors have 2 or more ports, facilitating 3 or more connections. They often include flexible tubing for fluid delivery, adding extra length to the primary IV line and allowing healthcare professionals to connect fluid to the patient whilst maintaining some distance. This may be useful for example where there is limited space around the patient, or if it is likely for the patient to be transferred between different wards or departments, the additional length is required to ensure continuous connection.
Multiple IV connector and IV extension sets are often favoured because they negate the need for adding multiple separate lines and connections, which increases the risk of potential disconnections or leaks.
This type is commonly known as a Y-extension set and features a Y-shaped multiple port design. This design allows for the simultaneous connection of multiple IV lines or medical devices through a single access point.
When using Y-site IV connectors, dose control of each drug is crucial. Integrated anti-siphon valves can help prevent free flow and backflow of the drugs, reducing the risk of over or under-dosing during infusion.
High performance Y-site IV connectors with flexible tubing, such as the Mediplus Chalfont Connector, also have a J-loop design that prevents kinking and occlusion of tubing for unimpeded flow.
Furthermore, the inclusion of a removable bridge for the J-loop enables the connector to sit compactly in position on the back of the hand, during either patient transfer or applying dressings around the IV site post theatre.
The compactness means that the IV set is unlikely to dislodge or cause phlebitis as can be the case with heavier peripheral IV sets. Furthermore, when compact IV extension sets are used, lines are less likely to get pulled while being transferred and they are therefore more comfortable for patients.
These connectors offer multiple ports for simultaneous drug infusion through the same IV set but at a very fast flow rate.
Multiple high flow peripheral connectors, such as the Mediplus Coventry Connector, offer convenience for clinicians as they can have rapid fluid delivery without requiring multiple connections and lines. This is especially important in ICUs (Intensive Care Unit), obstetrics and other areas where rapid emergency responses are crucial.
Furthermore, high flow anti-reflux valves prevent backflow into the IV line, without compromising the flow rate.
These types of IV connectors have 2 or more ports but also feature an IV tubing clamp on each tube, for a high level of control.
To read more about application and use areas of high flow IV connectors, click here.
Long IV extension sets provide additional length of tubing between the primary IV line and the patient’s access site.
They are useful in situations where a longer IV set is needed to reach the patient, especially in cases when the IV infusion pump or medication source is not directly adjacent to the patient’s bed or location.
Understanding the different types of IV connectors and extension sets is vital to ensure the right device is chosen for the right application. The situation will dictate the recommended connector.
For instance, if fast delivery with 2 or more fluids, maximising safety whilst maintaining vascular access is pivotal, especially in an emergency or obstetrics setting, choosing a high-flow Y-extension IV connector is probably the most effective course of action.
On the other hand, when patient movement and comfort are the main priority, a Y-Site connector with a J-loop may be the preferable choice for flexibility and ease of movement.
Safety should also be a high-priority consideration when selecting the correct IV extension set. For instance, brightly coloured end caps which are highly visible support safe practice following the recommendations in the Department of Health ‘Protecting the breathing circuit in anaesthesia’.1 All Mediplus peripheral IV products have highly visible red caps.
References:
Anaesthesia
Gynaecology
OPERATING ROOM
UROLOGY